Quality of employment Persons in employment with more than one job

What is the share of persons in employment with more than one job?

The so called 'secondary job rate' shows the share of employed who have one or more jobs in addition to their main job. The indicator counts em­ployed persons aged 15 years and older.

According to the right to occupational freedom, emplo­yees may do several different jobs. Part-time jobs can be perceived as a burden especially when they are exercised to raise the total income, that is because the earnings from the main job are insuf­ficient. But they can also mean inte­resting expe­riences and lucrative addi­tional earnings for well-paid people.

Secondary job rate increases

In 2023, 4.5% of all employed in Germany had at least one further job in addition to their main job. These are about 1.9 million persons with at least two employments.

Most multiple job holders are middle-agers. The share of employed with a second job was more than 5.0% for persons aged 25 to 34 years and 35 to 44 years and 4.6% for persons aged 45 to 54 years. Younger persons under 25 years of age (3.9%) and older people aged above 65 years (2.8%) were less likely to have more than one job.

Looking at the difference by sex, there were only minor differences. 5.2% of the em­ployed women and 3.9% of the employed men had an additional job. The back­ground for the higher proportion among women is that multiple em­ployments occur more often among part-time employed, where the pro­por­tion of women is signi­ficantly higher. More and more employed persons are doing more than one job. Since the beginning of the 90s, the share has nearly doubled.

Share of persons in employment doing more than one job in %
YearTotalMaleFemale
Source: Labour force survey
19931.72.22.0
19982.82.92.6
20032.52.62.3
20083.73.54.0
20134.84.45.3
20185.34.75.9
20234.53.95.2

25.7% are self-employed in their second job

Most multiple job holders were employees in their second job (74.0%). A fur­ther big group has its own business and are thus a self-employed without emplo­yees (22.9%). Only few respon­dents indicated to have a business that also employs employees (2.8%).

8.2 hours per week spend in second job

Second job holders usually spend an average of 8.2 hours per week in the second job. The working time of self-employed persons with emplo­yees (13.4 hours) in the second job was signi­ficantly higher than that of solo self-employed persons (8.6 hours) or employees (7.8 hours).

Information on the Indicator

Description or definition
Share of persons in employment (15 years or over) doing more than one job

Source
Labour force survey


Information for interpretation
Self-employed and part-time employees have more frequently a secondary job than (other) employees.
Compared with other statistics (in particular the employ­ment statistics of the Federal Employ­ment Agency), the labour force survey indicates a mar­kedly lower share of per­sons in employ­ment with multiple jobs. The back­ground is that in the labour force sur­vey the infor­mation provided by res­pondents is used, whereas the number of jobs is based on the legally re­quired reports to social security institutions.

The microcensus with the integrated European labour force survey has been rede­signed in 2020. The list of questions and the concept of the sample survey were modified, and with the intro­duction of an online question­naire, the form of data collection were also changed. The results from survey year 2020 onward are there­fore com­parable with those of pre­vious years only to a limited extent.

Further methodological changes affecting the results were performed in 2005, 2011 and 2021. Consequently, the results for those years can be compared with the results for previous years to a limited extent only.

The extrapolation of microcensus data uses the population figures from the 2011 Census, which was con­ducted as at 9 May 2011. The results have been revised from 2010 onwards. With effect from the year 2016, the sample is based on the 2011 census data. This transition affects the com­para­bility of the results with pre­vious years.

For more information please refer to Methods: Quality Reports and Ex­pla­nations (only in German).

Further information
Redesigned microcensus as of 2020