| Reference year | Government sector and private non-profit institutions1 | Higher education sector2 | Business enterprise sector2 | Total2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1: From 2023 onwards, the cell key method (ckm) is used as a proceeding for statistical disclosure control in order to prevent conclusions being drawn about individuals and institutions. Some figures are therefore shown slightly modified compared to their original value. As a result, the values shown in the table do not necessarily add up to the totals. In addition to the protection of data, this method ensures high data quality. 2: 2023 estimate. Source: Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden; Stifterverband Wissenschaftsstatistik, Essen. | ||||
| 2013 | 98,161 | 130,079 | 360,375 | 588,615 |
| 2014 | 101,005 | 132,542 | 371,706 | 605,252 |
| 2015 | 101,717 | 134,032 | 404,767 | 640,516 |
| 2016 | 103,206 | 141,661 | 413,027 | 657,894 |
| 2017 | 106,025 | 143,753 | 436,571 | 686,349 |
| 2018 | 109,487 | 147,160 | 451,057 | 707,704 |
| 2019 | 112,593 | 147,316 | 475,676 | 735,584 |
| 2020 | 114,695 | 151,692 | 467,444 | 733,831 |
| 2021 | 119,268 | 156,543 | 478,129 | 753,940 |
| 2022 | 120,907 | 159,261 | 505,253 | 785,420 |
| 2023 | 122,894 | 161,900 | 533,260 | 818,054 |
As at 07 March 2025